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09038_Field_TCGG T803.txt
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existence. Materialism treated physical bodies and their
motions as the primary reality; idealism took it to be spirit
or mind; while Cartesian dualism postulated two
independent realms: the mental res cogitans and the
material res extensa . For the first two schools there was
no difficulty in recognizing unconscious mentality though
under other names. To the materialists all mentality was
physiological, and the existence of unconscious
physiological processes, similar to and influencing
thought, was an immediate consequence of the fact that
our direct awareness of the processes in our bodies is
restricted. And to the idealists all natural processes were
the expression of a universal mind or world spirit of which
the human individual has no direct knowledge, though it
shares, in some degree, the characteristics of human
mentality. Thus for the idealists also there was no